2024-03-01
Image And Audio Feature Extraction For Language Models

Use ipython instead of python to test these code, get better parameter hints and dynamic hints, just like what you saw in brownie.

Use dataset.transform instead of dataset.map to save loading time.

Image processing

Many language models resize, reshape & pad the input image into 224x224 square and put into ViT directly.

To simplify the pipeline, we would recommend you to sample the image into fixed size square patches, like 2x2, 4x4 etc.

Or you can skip the ViT embedding part, just use Fuyu-8b or take its architecture FuyuForCausalLM and processor FuyuProcessor because it supports arbitrary sized images.

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from transformers import FuyuProcessor, FuyuForCausalLM
from PIL import Image
import requests
model_name = "adept/fuyu-8b"
processor = FuyuProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = FuyuForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name)
url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
prompt = "Generate a coco-style caption.\n"
inputs = processor(text=text_prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model(**inputs)
generated_ids = model.generate(**model_inputs, max_new_tokens=7)
generation_text = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)
print(generation_text)

Split image into patches

Usually images are large so we need to split.

You have three ways to split an image.

Patchify

The splited indexs are put in front instead of appended back.

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import numpy as np
from patchify import patchify
image = np.random.rand(512,512,3)
patches = patchify(image, (128,128,3), step=128)
print(patches.shape) # (4, 4, 1, 128, 128, 3)

Torch unfold

It works by expanding target dimension and appending a new dimension corresponding to it.

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import torch
image = torch.rand(512,512,3)
patches = image.unfold(0, 128, 128).unfold(1, 128, 128).unfold(2, 3, 3)
print(patches.shape) # torch.Size([4, 4, 1, 128, 128, 3])

EMPatches

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import numpy as np
from empatches import EMPatches
image = np.random.rand(512, 512, 3)
emp = EMPatches()
patches, indices = emp.extract_patches(image, patchsize = 128, overlap = 0)
print(patches) # a list of numpy arrays, total 16 items
print(indices) # [(x_start, x_end, y_start, y_end), ...], total 16 items

Convert fixed-size patches into embeddings

The embeddings from ViT cannot be used directly by LLM. Instead, use LayerNorm and Dense as simple adaptors.

The first token is the class token, randomly initialized and processed along with the transformer, output as the summary of the full image, can be extracted for image embedding.

Proof:

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224x224 is the shape of input image
16x16 is the patch size
224/16 = 14
14*14 + 1 = 197

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import torch
import transformers
# not torch.randn (sample from normal distribution)
image = torch.rand(3, 224, 224) # chw
model_name = "google/vit-base-patch16-224-in21k"
processor = transformers.AutoImageProcessor(model_name) # for processing image
image = processor(image, do_rescale=False) # use this parameter when passing values ranging from 0 to 1
#image = processor(pil_image) # can also handle pil image
model = transformers.ViTModel(model_name)
outputs = model(pixel_values = image)
embeddings = outputs.last_hidden_state[:,0,:] # torch.Size([1, 768])

Audio processing

An useful and related field to speaker diarization in video processing is visual entity recognization, which can help you identify anime or movie characters across different frames.

When unsure, the agent shall consult online search engines, subtitles and existing recognized entities for classification. If a dataset is successfully created, one can train a YOLO model to speed up the process, used along with popular person/anime head detection models.

In most videos speakers and visuals are aligned. You can first identify speakers then get character identification. Remember you need to use special pipeline for long-time diarization, sharing speaker features for cross-audio diarization.


For multilanguage context, you would like to use speaker detection models like pyannote. Diart is a speech processing library based on that and can be used in real time, with speaker diarization, voice activity detection training pipelines.

Whisper-streaming uses LocalAgreement algoritm to segment chunks of audio and merge common patterns.


Whisper architecture is comprised of an audio encoder and transcription decoder. The output of the encoder is feed into every cross attention layer of the decoder. For feature extraction, you only need to use the encoder.


You pass single channel audio amplitude array to audio feature extractors with predetermined audio sample rate. If the sample rate mismatch, you need to resample the audio.


Different audio transformers choose different context window sizes. Like LLMs, they can be streamed. However during training they must use a fixed context size.

For Whisper, the context size is 30 seconds. Confugurable at: transformers.WhisperFeatureExtractor(chunk_length=30, ...)

For AST, it is 10.24 seconds. You can find more info about input and output sizes here. Configurable at: transformers.ASTFeatureExtractor(max_length=1024, ...)

These numbers can be found over respective processor parameters.

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from transformers import AutoProcessor, ASTModel
import torch
from dataset import load_dataset
dataset_name = "hf_internal_testing/librispeech_asr_demo"
model_name = "MIT/ast-finetuned-audioset-10-10-0.4593"
dataset = load_dataset(dataset_name, 'clean', split="validation")
sampling_rate = dataset.features["audio"].sampling_rate
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = ASTModel.from_pretrained(model_name)
audio_array = dataset[0].audio.array
inputs = processor(audio_array, sampling_rate=sampling_rate, return_tensors='pt')
with torch.no_grad():
outputs = model(**inputs)
pooler_output = outputs["pooler_output"]

Read More

2023-04-02
Chatgpt Clones, Computer Automation With Ai

simply because the original note on chatgpt is too long, we start a new one, with more topics and more resources.


visit poe.com for a bunch of free chatbots, including GPT-4

chathub is a browser plugin which you can use ChatGPT, Bing and Bard


ts_server supports a bunch of models like GPT-J, GPT-NeoX, GPT-Neo, OPT, Fairseq GPT, M2M100, CodeGen, GPT2, T5, RWKV, LLAMA and Stable Diffusion, used by textsynth.com


to manage python versions and environments, pyenv and venv is lightweight and miniconda or mamba is more sophisticated.


javascript code for extracting model list from huggingface personal homepage:

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var arr = [];
for (var i of document.getElementsByTagName("h4")) {var t = i.innerText; var tlist = t.split("/"); var t0 = tlist[0]; var t1 = tlist[1]; arr.push(`| [${t1}](https://huggingface.co/${t}) | unknown | unknown | ${t0} |`)};
console.log(arr.join('
'));


convert arxiv paper (pdf) into html: arxiv vanity (you will have a better view than before, though will not always work) code on github

aminer is similar to paperswithcode, in which you may find interesting papers.


someone prefers bert4keras since it implements multiple LLM into Keras, also easy for GPT-2 LoRA training (by adding a single layer)


people love to post uncensorable links and torrents to internet archive and the-eye, just like the gpt-4chan


to create a simple API (compatible with OpenAI APIs) for LLMs, use SimpleAI

fine-tuning and tricks

PEFT (Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning) supports LoRA, Prefix Tuning, P-Tuning and Prompt Tuning.

computer automation with ai

virtual machines and environments

it is not feasible to install ubuntu arm on macos m1 with virtualbox. use utm.app instead. instructions on installing ubuntu with utm includes guides on sharing clipboard and directory.

papers

playing atari using q-learning (viewing deepmind paper with arxiv vanity)

models

video pretraining can perform minecraft diamond mining tasks with keyboard and mouse movements

code and model


mm-cot (multimodal chain-of-thought) by amazon, with model weights

data collectors and controllers

mss for screenshot, remember to save raw pixels to SSD, then compress into mp4 with ffmpeg for further training (mind the timestamp!)


go-vncdriver by openai, to compile you need to clone the repo and modify code to find headers for libjpeg-turbo and python.

libvncdriver

asyncvnc (supports apple vnc), side project: asyncssh

python-vnc-client with keydown/keyup event support

vncdotool

pyVNC


pynput as input event listener and actor, listener may have some strange keycodes when pressing modifier keys on windows.

note that special care needed for aligning mouse location with screenshot size


ViT-pytorch can be used in many ViT-based models, listed and implemented in the repo.

spaces

openai universe (blog post here) and starter agents, remotes are using vnc protocol and a reward protocol using websocket sending json (can send actions). they prefer TigerVNC, maybe that will send the existing monitor instead of invisible ones.

gym is classic and modular. atari-py enables old games

retro deprecates universe, but might help with general computer controlling AI systems since they are compatible. human don’t play games all day and night. beware of this and don’t turn the model into a heavy gamer.

there is no meaning of recording terminal input/output when using tools like vim. get screenshots, keystrokes and mouse clicks instead (using ttyd, gremlins.js or monkey.js). tkterminal won’t do. it is just a thin wrapper around subprocess.run

talking of browser, you can spin up novnc server and let the gremlins.js do its job.

accelerators

cformers

cpu only

able to install from pip

ggml

cpu only

cpp, only compile from source

flexgen

gpu is mandatory, better than deepspeed and Hugging Face Accelerate

open source model and weights

awesome decentralized llm listed up-to-date related chatgpt-like repositories, datasets, model weights and resources.


model weights of open source chatgpt alternatives:

weight path model size model name author
openchatgpt-neox-125m 125m gpt-neox mrsteyk
openchatgpt-neo-125m 125m gpt-neo mrsteyk

LLaMA

it’s public.

weight path model name author
llama-13b-hf-int4 13b decapoda-research
llama-65b-hf-int4 65b decapoda-research
llama-30b-hf-int4 30b decapoda-research
llama-7b-hf-int4 7b decapoda-research
llama-30b-hf 30b decapoda-research
llama-65b-hf 65b decapoda-research
llama-13b-hf 13b decapoda-research
llama-7b-hf 7b decapoda-research
llama-smallint-pt unknown decapoda-research
llama-7b-hf-int8 7b decapoda-research

ChatYuan

v2 is censored.


model weights:

weight path model size model name author
ChatYuan-large-v1 unknown unknown ClueAI
ChatYuan-large-v2-paddle unknown unknown ClueAI
ChatYuan-large-v2 unknown unknown ClueAI
ChatYuan-large-v1-paddle unknown unknown ClueAI

Deepshard

LLaMA trained on custom instruction dataset.


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
deepshard-13B-ft 13b deepshard swype
deepshard-13B-raw 13b deepshard swype

ChatGLM

Currently only open-sourced 6B version.

You can train ChatGLM using GXT3090: simple_thu_chatglm6b

Using 7GB VRAM, train ChatGLM with P-tuning

chatglm_finetuning supports loading from int4 weights


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
chatglm-6b-int4-slim 6b chatglm silver
chatglm-6b-slim 6b chatglm silver
chatglm-6b-int4-qe-slim 6b chatglm silver
chatglm-6b-int4 6b chatglm THUDM
chatglm-6b-int4-qe 6b chatglm THUDM
chatglm-6b 6b chatglm THUDM

ChatDoctor

LLaMA-65B trained on medical dataset InstructorDoctor-200k

BELLE

开源中文对话大模型


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
BELLE-LLAMA-7B-0.6M 7B LLaMA BelleGroup
BELLE-LLAMA-7B-2M 7B LLaBLOOMZMA BelleGroup
BELLE-LLAMA-7B-2M-gptq 7B LLaMA BelleGroup
BELLE-LLAMA-13B-2M 13B LLaMA BelleGroup
BELLE-7B-gptq 7B BLOOMZ BelleGroup
BELLE-7B-2M 7B BLOOMZ BelleGroup
BELLE-7B-0.6M 7B BLOOMZ BelleGroup
BELLE-7B-0.2M 7B BLOOMZ BelleGroup
BELLE-7B-1M 7B BLOOMZ BelleGroup

baize

trained on ChatGPT self-chatting data


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
baize-lora-30B 30b baize project-baize
baize-lora-13B 13b baize project-baize
baize-healthcare-lora-7b 7B baize project-baize
baize-lora-7B 7B baize project-baize

dolly

model arch is gpt-j, trained on alpaca dataset


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
dolly-v1-6b 6b dolly databricks
dolly-lora unknown dolly samwit

FastChat (Vicuna)

web interface


model weights:

| weight path | weight size | model name | author |
| – | – | – |
| vicuna | unknown | Vicuna | chavinlo |
| vicuna2 | unknown | Vicuna | chavinlo |
| vicuna-13b-delta-v0 | 13b | Vicuna | lmsys |
| vicuna-13b-GPTQ-4bit-128g | 13b | vicuna | anon8231489123 |
| ggml-vicuna-13b-4bit | 13b | vicuna | eachadea |
| vicuna-13b | 13b | vicuna | eachadea |
| vicuna4all | 13b | vicuna | vicuna4all |

download official delta weights via [magnet](magnet:?xt=urn:btih:a7fac57094561a63d53eed943f904abf24c6969d&dn=Vicuna-13B-HF-fp16-delta-merged_2023-04-03&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.opentrackr.org%3a1337%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker-udp.gbitt.info%3a80%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker1.bt.moack.co.kr%3a80%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.tiny-vps.com%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker2.dler.org%3a80%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2fopentracker.i2p.rocks%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.altrosky.nl%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.theoks.net%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.dler.org%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.torrent.eu.org%3a451%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=https%3a%2f%2fopentracker.i2p.rocks%3a443%2fannounce&tr=http%3a%2f%2ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3a80%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.moeking.me%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2ftracker.monitorit4.me%3a6969%2fannounce&tr=udp%3a%2f%2f9.rarbg.com%3a2810%2fannounce

based)

Bloom-z

there is bloomz.cpp, converted model weights on huggingface

Alpaca

alpaca is LLaMA tuned on ChatGPT self-instruct dataset. officially there is just code and dataset, model weights are community provided.

ggml version: alpaca.cpp

example on how to load PEFT patched alpaca model: alpaca-lora/generate.py

it’s better to check for python bindings and webui like Alpaca-Turbo and Dalai for further development and interactions.


fine-tuning:

simple-llama-finetuner using LoRA, 16GB VRAM minimum

alpaca-lora: the OG LoRA alpaca


community model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
alpaca-lora-7b 7b Alpaca tloen
Alpaca Native 7B Alpaca chavinlo
Alpaca-65B 65B Alpaca chavinlo
Alpaca 13B 13B Alpaca chavinlo
GPT4-X-Alpaca 13B Alpaca chavinlo
Toolpaca 13B Alpaca chavinlo
instruct-gpt-j-fp16 6B GPT-J nlpcloud
alpaca-30b 30b Alpaca baseten
alpaca-lora-65b 65b alpaca chansung
alpaca-lora-30b 30b alpaca chansung
koalpaca-lora-13b 13b koalpaca chansung
alpaca-lora-13b 13b alpaca chansung
alpaca13B-lora 13b alpaca samwit
alpaca7B-lora 7b alpaca samwit
bloompaca-7b1-lora 7b bloom samwit
gpt4-x-alpaca-native-13B-ggml 13b alpaca Pi3141
alpaca-native-7B-ggml 7b alpaca Pi3141
alpaca-native-13B-ggml 13b alpaca Pi3141
alpaca-lora-30B-ggml 30b alpaca Pi3141
alpaca-lora-7B-ggml 7b alpaca Pi3141
alpaca-lora-13B-ggml 13b alpaca Pi3141
alpaca-7b-native-enhanced 7b alpaca Pi3141
gpt4-x-alpaca-13b-native-4bit-128g 13b alpaca anon8231489123
ggml-gpt4-x-alpaca-13b-native-4bit 13b alpaca eachadea
alpaca-13b-hf-fp16 13b alpaca teknium

codealpaca only provides dataset for training a code generation model, there are multiple models trained on this dataset, including bloom-7b1-lora-codealpaca20k

togethercomputer

released openchatkit with retrieval ability and its huggingface space


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
GPT-NeoXT-Chat-Base-20B 20B GPT-NeoXT togethercomputer
Pythia-Chat-Base-7B 7B Pythia togethercomputer

moderation model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
GPT-JT-Moderation-6B 6B GPT-JT togethercomputer

SpikeGPT

inspired by RWKV


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
SpikeGPT-BookCorpus unknown SpikeGPT ridger

RWKV


RWKV combines attention with RNN so the token window can be much larger.

Longformer is similar to this. Model weights in github repo or huggingface.


now we have rwkv.cpp (4bit quantization), build upon ggml and sure it works on cpu.

rwkvstic (with 8bit & offload for low VRAM GPUs)


RWKV-LoRA supports RWKV-v4-NeoX


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
RWKV-7B-alpaca-finetuned 7b RWKV BlueSunflower
rwkv-4-14B-alpaca-finetune-lora-weights 14b RWKV BlueSunflower
rwkv-fastquant unknown rwkv Hazzzardous
rwkv-onnx unknown rwkv Hazzzardous
RWKV-8Bit unknown rwkv Hazzzardous
rwkv-4-raven unknown rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-4-pile-7b 7b rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-4-pile-14b 14b rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-4-pile-430m 430m rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-4-pile-3b 3b rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-4-pile-1b5 1.5b rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-4-pile-169m 169m unknown BlinkDL
rwkv-3-pile-1b5 1.5b rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-3-pile-430m 430m rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-2-pile-430m 430m rwkv BlinkDL
rwkv-3-pile-169m 169m rwkv BlinkDL
RWKV-LM-safetensors unknown RWKV mrsteyk
openchatrwkv-430m-r2.0.1 430m RWKV mrsteyk
openchatrwkw-430m-r2 430m RWKV mrsteyk
openchatrwkv-430m 430m RWKV mrsteyk

encrypted alpaca model weights released by point-network: point-alpaca

gpt4all by nomic

LLaMA trained on massive collection of clean assistant dialog data, with model weights

you need to install nomic to run the model:

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to run it on gpu, you need to install this

openassistant

researchers of open-assistant like andreaskoepf has releasesed oasst-sft-3-pythia-12b-epoch-3.5 and still updating


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
oasst-llama-13b-2-epochs 13b llama dvruette
oasst-llama-13b-1000-steps 13b llama dvruette
oasst-gpt-neox-20b-1000-steps 20b gpt-neox dvruette
oasst-gpt-neox-20b-3000-steps 20b gpt-neox dvruette
oasst-pythia-12b-6000-steps 12b pythia dvruette
oasst-pythia-12b-3000-steps 12b pythia dvruette
oasst-pythia-12b-flash-attn-5000-steps 12b pythia dvruette
oasst-pythia-6.9b-4000-steps 12b pythia dvruette
oasst-sft-1-pythia-12b 12b pythia OpenAssistant
galactica-6.7b-finetuned 6.7b galatica OpenAssistant
oasst-sft-4-pythia-12b-epoch-3.5 12b pythia andreaskoepf
pythia-12b-pre-2000 12b pythia andreaskoepf
pythia-12b-pre-3500 12b pythia andreaskoepf
oasst-sft-3-pythia-12b-epoch-3.5 12b pythia andreaskoepf
oasst-sft-3-pythia-12b-epoch-2.35 12b pythia andreaskoepf
oasst-sft-2-candidiate-0 unknown unknown andreaskoepf
oasst-sft-2-pythia-12b-4000 12b pythia andreaskoepf
oasst-sft-1-gpt-neox-2000 unknown gpt-neox andreaskoepf
oasst-1_12b_4500 12b unknown andreaskoepf
oasst-1_12b_1500 12b unknown andreaskoepf
oasst-1_12b_3000 12b unknown andreaskoepf

reward model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
reward-model-deberta-v3-large unknown deberta-v3 OpenAssistant
reward-model-deberta-v3-large-v2 unknown deberta-v3 OpenAssistant
reward-model-electra-large-discriminator unknown electra-large OpenAssistant
reward-model-deberta-v3-base unknown deberta-v3 OpenAssistant
oasst-rm-1-pythia-1b 1b pythia andreaskoepf

openflamingo

using CLIP ViT-L and LLaMA-7B, model weights on huggingface

cerebras gpt

open sourced model weights and training code


model weights:

weight path weight size model name author
cerebras-gpt-6.7b-lora 6.7b cerebras-gpt samwit
Cerebras-GPT-2.7B-Alpaca-SP 2.7b cerebras-gpt lxe
Cerebras-GPT-2.7B-Alpaca-SP-ggml 2.7b cerebras-gpt lxe
lora-cerebras-gpt2.7b-alpaca-shortprompt 2.7b cerebras-gpt lxe
Cerebras-GPT-13B 13b cerebras-gpt cerebras
Cerebras-GPT-6.7B 6.7b cerebras-gpt cerebras
Cerebras-GPT-2.7B 2.7b cerebras-gpt cerebras
Cerebras-GPT-1.3B 1.3b cerebras-gpt cerebras
Cerebras-GPT-590M 590m cerebras-gpt cerebras
Cerebras-GPT-256M 256m cerebras-gpt cerebras
Cerebras-GPT-111M 111m cerebras-gpt cerebras

ColossalChat

Coati-7B has no public model weights, but claimed to be trained efficiently

you need to install LLaMA compatible transformers library

train on InstructionWild

enhancements

using external tools

toolformer-pytorch (WORK IN PROGRESS)


engshell: using LLM to execute command

using ai models

Microsoft JARVIS aka HuggingGPT leverages huggingface models so ChatGPT can complete complex multimodal tasks.

retrieval plugins

long term memory for oobabooga/text-generation-webui (can run pythia, galatica, opt, gpt-j, gpt-4chan, rwkv and support quantization/acceleration), also

complex memory (KoboldAI-like)


chatpaper summarize paper content.

similar website: typeset.io (can ask questions and explain confusing text, math symbols and tables)

related projects: ChatReviewer ChatImprovement ChatResponse ChatGenTitle


chatgpt retrieval plugin chop document into chunks, process them into vectors and search them using one of many vector search backends. hosted as a fastapi service.

datasets

assistant dialogue

botbots dataset (two chatgpt talking to each other), created by using datasetGPT (LLM automation tool)


ShareGPT52k, also ShareGPT90k (Vicuna)


instruct-102.4k by swype


datasets by BELLE:

train_1M_CN

train_0.5M_CN

multiturn_chat_0.8M

school_math_0.25M

unsupervised pretraining

Fandom23K (text classification), part of BigKnow2022

Kinda LLaMA replicates LLaMA dataset, including scraped webpages, code and stackexchange data.

oscar-corpus needs to be downloaded with access token, by accepting agreement with account. containing categorized content and adult content.

dataset preprocessing

deduplicate text dataset in rust, may remove verbose substrings like “to go to the”

oscar project (Open Super-large Crawled Aggregated coRpus) contains some tool for adult content filtering and deduplication.

NLP tools & training methods

fasttext for efficient learning of word representations and sentence classification.


langchain

prompt-engine

chatml: markup language for ChatGPT, by openai

react-agent-ts enables LLM to chat and use tools by internal dialogues.

babyagi: AI-powered task management system. original post on twitter


Chain-of-hindsights (can learn from negative feedback) in jax and pytorch

interfaces

serge is dockerized and the needs of RAM is according to the size of the model (alpaca), using CPU only

Read More

2022-12-08
Talk To Openai Chatgpt To Learn A Few On Paraphrasing, Title Generation

it’s like a huge search engine which can talk.

github topic on paraphrase

小发猫

文章伪原创工具 and backup 有提到用扫描仪来扫描原创文章的方法

online paraphrase tool translation based, can process chinese

chatgpt says creativity matters, such as hackers, video producers and your evil sex shit.

you said LDA and LSA are helpful for paraphrasing

Yes, LDA and LSA are two methods that can be used to generate paraphrases of a given text. LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) is a probabilistic model that can be used to identify topics in a text and then generate new sentences that express the same topics in a different way. LSA (Latent Semantic Analysis) is a method that uses singular value decomposition to identify the underlying meaning of words in a text and then generate paraphrases by replacing words with their closest semantic equivalents. Both LDA and LSA can be helpful for generating paraphrases, but they each have their own strengths and limitations.

can you demonstrate how to use LSA for paraphrasing in python

I’m sorry, but I am not currently able to browse the internet or access any external resources. As a large language model trained by OpenAI, my knowledge is based solely on the text that I have been trained on, and I don’t have the ability to run code or demonstrate specific examples. However, I can provide a general overview of how LSA could be used for paraphrasing in Python.

To use LSA for paraphrasing in Python, you would first need to create a matrix of word vectors for the words in the text you want to paraphrase. This matrix would represent the semantic relationships between the words in the text, and would be used to identify the underlying meaning of each word.

Next, you would use singular value decomposition (SVD) to decompose the matrix into three matrices, which represent the different factors that contribute to the meaning of the words in the text.

Once you have the three matrices, you can then use them to identify the most closely related words for each word in the text, and generate paraphrases by replacing words with their closest semantic equivalents.

This is just a brief overview of how LSA could be used for paraphrasing in Python. There are many different ways to implement LSA, and the exact details of the implementation would depend on the specific requirements of your project.

continue

I’m sorry, but I’m not sure what you would like me to continue with. If you have a specific question or topic you would like to discuss, I would be happy to help. Otherwise, I can provide more information about LSA and how it can be used for paraphrasing if that would be helpful. Let me know what you would like to know.

how to use LDA for paraphrasing

To use LDA for paraphrasing, you would first need to train a LDA model on a large corpus of text. This would involve using a machine learning algorithm to identify the topics that are present in the corpus, and then generating a set of “topic vectors” that represent the distribution of those topics across the text.

Once you have trained the LDA model, you can then use it to generate paraphrases of a given text by identifying the topics present in the text and then replacing words with synonyms or related words that express the same topics in a different way. This process can be repeated multiple times to generate multiple paraphrases of the same text.

Here is a brief example of how LDA could be used for paraphrasing in Python:

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from gensim import corpora, models
# Load the text you want to paraphrase
text = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
# Tokenize the text and create a dictionary of words
tokens = text.split(" ")
dictionary = corpora.Dictionary([tokens])
# Train a LDA model on the text
lda_model = models.LdaModel([dictionary.doc2bow(tokens)], num_topics=1)
# Generate paraphrases of the text
for i in range(3):
paraphrase = lda_model.show_topics(num_topics=1, num_words=len(tokens), formatted=False)
print(" ".join([word[0] for word in paraphrase[0][1]]))

This example trains a simple LDA model on a single sentence and then generates three paraphrases of the sentence by replacing words with their closest semantic equivalents. Of course, this is just a simple example to illustrate the basic concept of using LDA for paraphrasing. In practice, you would need to use a much larger corpus of text to train the LDA model and generate more accurate paraphrases.

demonstrate using LSA to paraphrase in python, using gensim if needed

As I mentioned earlier, I am not currently able to browse the internet or access external resources, so I cannot demonstrate using LSA to paraphrase in Python using gensim or any other specific libraries. However, I can provide a general overview of how LSA could be used for paraphrasing in Python.

To use LSA for paraphrasing in Python, you would first need to create a matrix of word vectors for the words in the text you want to paraphrase. This matrix would represent the semantic relationships between the words in the text, and would be used to identify the underlying meaning of each word.

Once you have the matrix of word vectors, you can use singular value decomposition (SVD) to decompose the matrix into three matrices, which represent the different factors that contribute to the meaning of the words in the text. The gensim library includes a implementation of SVD that you can use for this purpose.

Once you have the three matrices, you can then use them to identify the most closely related words for each word in the text, and generate paraphrases by replacing words with their closest semantic equivalents. Here is an example of how this could be done in Python:

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from gensim import corpora, models, matutils
# Load the text you want to paraphrase
text = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
# Tokenize the text and create a dictionary of words
tokens = text.split(" ")
dictionary = corpora.Dictionary([tokens])
# Create a matrix of word vectors using the dictionary
word_vectors = [dictionary.doc2bow(tokens)]
# Use SVD to decompose the matrix of word vectors
U, S, VT = matutils.svd(word_vectors, k=3)
# Generate paraphrases of the text
for i in range(3):
paraphrase = []
for word in tokens:
# Identify the closest semantic equivalents for each word
closest_words = VT.dot(VT[dictionary.token2id[word]])
closest_words = sorted(enumerate(closest_words), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
closest_word = closest_words[0][0]
# Replace the word with its closest semantic equivalent
paraphrase.append(dictionary[closest_word])
print(" ".join(paraphrase))

This example trains an LSA model on a single sentence and then generates three paraphrases of the sentence by replacing words with their closest semantic equivalents. Again, this is just a simple example to illustrate the basic concept of using LSA for paraphrasing. In practice, you would need to use a much larger corpus of text to train the LSA model and generate more accurate paraphrases.

how to use transformer for paraphrasing

The transformer is a type of neural network architecture that has been used for a wide range of natural language processing tasks, including paraphrasing. To use a transformer for paraphrasing, you would need to train the transformer on a large corpus of text using a machine learning algorithm.

During training, the transformer would learn to identify the underlying meaning of words and phrases in the text and then generate paraphrases by replacing words with synonyms or related words that express the same meaning in a different way.

Here is a brief example of how a transformer could be used for paraphrasing in Python:

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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM
# Load the text you want to paraphrase
text = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
# Tokenize the text using a pre-trained transformer model
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-cased")
tokens = tokenizer.encode(text)
# Load a pre-trained transformer model
transformer = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-cased")
# Generate paraphrases of the text
for i in range(3):
paraphrase = transformer.generate(tokens)
paraphrase = tokenizer.decode(paraphrase[0])
print(paraphrase)

This example uses a pre-trained transformer model to generate three paraphrases of a single sentence. Of course, in practice you would need to train the transformer on a much larger corpus of text to generate more accurate paraphrases. The exact details of the implementation would depend on the specific requirements of your project.

how to generate catchy title from keywords using language model

To generate a catchy title from a set of keywords using a language model, you would need to train the language model on a large corpus of text that includes a variety of titles. During training, the language model would learn to identify the underlying meaning of words and phrases and the characteristics of catchy titles.

Once the language model has been trained, you can then use it to generate a catchy title from a set of keywords by providing the keywords as input to the model and then selecting the generated title that is the most catchy and relevant to the keywords.

Here is a brief example of how this could be done in Python:

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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
# Load the keywords you want to use to generate the title
keywords = ["quick", "brown", "fox"]
# Tokenize the keywords using a pre-trained language model
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("gpt2")
tokens = tokenizer.encode(keywords)
# Load a pre-trained language model
language_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("gpt2")
# Generate candidate titles from the keywords
candidate_titles = []
for i in range(3):
title = language_model.generate(tokens, max_length=8)
title = tokenizer.decode(title[0])
candidate_titles.append(title)
# Select the most catchy and relevant title
selected_title = candidate_titles[0]
for title in candidate_titles:
if is_catchy(title) and is_relevant(title, keywords):
selected_title = title
break
print(selected_title)

This example generates three candidate titles from a set of keywords using a pre-trained language model, and then selects the most catchy and relevant title as the final title. Of course, this is just a simple example to illustrate the basic concept of using a language model to generate a catchy title from keywords. In practice, you would need to use a much larger corpus of text to train the language model and generate more accurate and diverse titles.

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